“欧洲文化入门”听课笔记

　　Homer   Author of epics

　　Sappho Lyric poet

　　三大悲剧家：

　　Aeschylus

　　Tragic dramatist

　　Sophocles    Tragic dramatist

　　Euripides    Tragic dramatist

　　喜剧家：

　　Aristophanes   Comedy writer

　　历史学家：

　　Herodotus  wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians  Father of history

　　Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse

　　the greatest historian that have ever lived

　　哲学和科学：

　　Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics

　　Heracleitue Fire is the primary element

　　Democritus Materialist， one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory

　　Socrates Dissect of oneself， virtue was high worth of life， dialectical method

　　Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas

　　Aristotle Direct observation， theory follow fact， idea and matter together made

　　concrete individual realities

　　Euclid  a textbook of geometry

　　Archimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the

　　weight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand and I‘ll move

　　the World“

　　Others Diogenes （the Cynics） Pyrrhon（the Sceptics） Epicurus （the Epicureans） Zeno

　　（the Stoics）

　　4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander， king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146 B.C.被罗马攻克

　　2.基督教和圣经

　　Jews —以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在 Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine， known as Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament， 6th century B.C.，他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。

　　Jesus Christ生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus， Emperor Constantine 1于313年宣布基督教合法，Emperor Theodosius于392年宣布基督教为国教。

　　Hebrew 人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，旧约包含39本书，写了从1000B.C.-100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，旧约主要由 Hebrew写成，the New Testment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本书，最古老的Latin Bible叫Vulgate，在1382年被John Wycliff翻译成了英语，Greek Bible叫Septuagint

　　3.中世纪

　　开始于476年西罗马帝国的衰败

　　5-11世纪

　　a period in which classical， Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged

　　1054，教堂分裂为the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church

　　反击Moslems，开始了Crusades

　　Charles Martel给士兵们estates known as fiefs in 732

　　St. Thomas Aquinas（Scholasticism）写了 Summa Theologica，这本书sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology他认为feudal hierarchy（层次，等级） of society is God‘s rule The power of feudal rulers is God’s will Pope is Christ‘s Plenipotentiary

　　Charlemagne and Alfred the Great encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools. They copied various ancient books and translated the Latin works into the venacular

　　Roger Bacon and Experimental Science  one of the earliest advocates of scientific research， called for careful observation

　　Dante（但丁）  神曲 one of the landmarks of world literature

　　Chaucer  first modern poet in English literature

　　4.文艺复兴与宗教改革

　　14th and 17th Century Starting in Florence and Venice

　　Boccaccio  the greatest achievement of prose fiction in中世纪

　　Petrarch  Sonnet， father of modern poetry

　　文艺复兴早期的艺术家：

　　Giotto  forerunner of renaissance

　　Brunelleschi showed a systematic use of perspective

　　Donatello  one of the first artists engaged in anatomy

　　Giorgione  made happy use of colour schemes to unify his pictures

　　意大利文艺复兴全盛时期的四位艺术家：

　　Da Vinci

　　Michelangelo

　　Raphael Known for his

　　Titian Oil color the most prolific of the great Venetian painters of Western World

　　Pre-Luther Religious Reformers

　　John Wycliffe chief forerunner of the reformation， took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time in 1382

　　Jan Hus Czech Religious leader

　　John Calvin  基督教教义 one of the most influential theological works Calvinism

　　Rabelais  拉伯雷  french writer

　　Ronsard Pleiade七星诗社代表人  法国第一个近代抒情诗人

　　Montaigne  蒙田 散文集 French Writer

　　Cervantes  father of modern European novel spain

　　Thomas More  British writer

　　Shakespeare 作品包括》 》 >  crowned literature of England 代表欧洲文艺复兴的最高成就

　　Copernicus The father of modern astronomy 现代天文学之父

　　Vesalius  marked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy （解剖学） founder of modern medicine

　　Aldus Manutius foremost printer in Italy

　　Machiavelli Father of political science

　　Vosari .

　　1492， Columbus发现了America

　　1487，Dias发现了the cape of good hope

　　1497，da Gama发现了the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope

　　5. 17世纪

　　Copernicus  天体运行论 Although he did not belong to the 17th century he was the forerunner of modern medicine

　　Kepler Kepler‘s Law （the three laws of planetary motion）德 国 the three laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation

　　Galileo 意大利 acceleration in dynamics， the law of inertia， the law of falling bodies动力加速度，惯性定律，落体定律

　　Newton  英国

　　Leibniz  Distinguishes three levels of understanding： self-conscious（自我意识）conscious（意识）unconscious/subconscious （潜意识）他和牛顿都是caculus的创始人

　　Milton Areopagitica，

　　English revolution

　　Bacon   Knowledge is power 英国 反对deductive method，创立了inductive method 认为哲学应该与神学分开

　　Hobbes 利维坦 Materialist （knowledge come from experience） Social Contract 英国 认为最好的统治方式是monarchy

　　Locke  政治论 Materialist views （ideas derived from sensation or from reflection） Social Contract

　　英国在英国革命中有两个领袖，Cromwell 和John Milton

　　Cromwell the man of action

　　John Milton the man of thought

　　在英国文学史上ranks with Shakespear and Chaucer

　　Descartes 笛卡尔  Cartesian Doubt I think therefore I am  法国 it is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Bacon in England and Descartes in France

　　Corneille 高乃依熙得 法国第一部古典主义悲剧，表现责任与爱情的冲突

　　Racine

　　the greatest tragic dramatist of French neoclassical theatre 表现情感和理性的冲突

　　Moliere 达尔杜夫愤世嫉俗吝啬鬼 the best representative dramatist of French Classical comedies

　　很多科学器械在被发明：microscope， telescope， thermometer， barometer， pendulum

　　1689，the Bill of Rights建立了the Parliament至高无上的权利

　　法国最著名的建筑：Palace of Versailles Garden Front

　　East Front of the Louvre

　　英国最著名建筑：St. Paul‘s Cathedral

　　6.启蒙运动 the age of reason

　　18th century intellectual movement starting from France

　　the most important forerunners of the enlightenment were two 17th century Englishmen John Locke and Issac Newton.Locke‘s materialist theory and Newton’s theory of gravitation

　　Major force of the enlightenment is French Philosophes