2002年10月“欧洲文化入门”考前串讲资料

　　Homer   Author of epics

　　Sappho Lyric poet

　　Aeschylus

　　Tragic dramatist

　　Sophocles    Tragic dramatist

　　Euripides    Tragic dramatist

　　Arostophoes     Comedy writer

　　Herodotus Greeks and Persians Father of the history

　　Thucydides Athens and Sparta， Syracuse historian

　　Pythagoras All things were numbers

　　Heracleitue Fire is the primary element

　　Democritus Materialist ， atomic

　　Socrates Dissect of oneself， virtue was high worth of life， dialectical method

　　Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas

　　Aristotle Direct observation， theory follow fact， idea and matter together made concrete individual realities

　　Euclid  geometrist

　　Others Diogenes， Pyrrhon， Epicurus philosophy

　　Cicero Far less rhetorical， but colloquial and intimate Prose writer

　　Caesar I came， I saw， I conquered Prose writer

　　Lucretius On the nature of things poet

　　Virgil -Aeneas-tragic hero

　　4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander，king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146B.C.被罗马攻克。

　　l 基督教和圣经

　　Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在 Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine， known as Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament， 6th century B.C.，他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。

　　Jesus生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus， Emperor Constantine 1于313年宣布基督教合法，Emperor Theodosius于393年宣布基督教为国教。

　　Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，旧约包含39本书，写了从1000B.C.-100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，旧约主要由 Hebrew写成，the New Testment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本书，最古老的Latin Bible叫Vulgate，在1382年被John Wycliff翻译成了英语，Greek Bible叫Septuagint

　　l 中世纪

　　开始于476西罗马帝国得衰败

　　5-11世纪

　　在文化上继承了Roman culture，出现了Hebrew and Gothic culture

　　feudalism主要是一种system of land holding，for exchanging military service，它还是一种local and decentralized government

　　1045，教堂分裂为the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church

　　反击Moslems，开始了Crusades

　　Charles Martel给士兵们estates known as fiefs in 732

　　St. Thomas Aquinas写了The Summa Theologica总结了中世纪神学的所有知识并形成了系统，他认为feudal hierarchy of society is God‘s rule

　　The power of feudal rulers is God‘s will

　　Pope is Crist‘s Plenipotentiary

　　中世纪封建社会的人主要分为三个等级：clergy， lords， peasants

　　Charlemagne and Alfred the Great encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools. They copied various ancient books and translated the Latin works into the vernacular.

　　l 文艺复兴与宗教改革

　　Boccaccio Decameron

　　Cervantes Don Quixote（crowned literature of Spain）

　　Petrarch  Sonnet，father of modern poetry

　　Da Vinci   Artist in Italy

　　Michelangelo Artist in Italy

　　Raphael Known for his Madonna Artist in Italy

　　Titian Oil color Artist in Italy

　　Ronsard France

　　Rabelais Cargantua and Pantagruel France

　　Montaigne The Essais France

　　Thomas More Utopia

　　Shakespeare crowned literature of England

　　Copernicus The father of modern astronomy

　　Vesalius The founder of modern medicine Anatomy

　　Aldus Manutius The foremost printer in Italy

　　Machiavelli Father of political science Political sciencehistoriography

　　Dante

　　Vosari

　　others Giotto，Brunelleschi，Donatello，Giorgione，Spencer， Bacon artists

　　Reformation was led by Martin Luther. 它主张用the Bible的绝对权威取代the Roman Catholic Church的绝对权威，这促进了资本主义的发展。

　　1492， Columbus发现了America

　　1487，Dias发现了the cape of good hope

　　1497，da Gama发现了绕过好望角去印度的航线

　　英国在Elizabeth I的统治下达到鼎盛时期

　　宗教改革以后，基督教分裂为：the Protestant and the Roman Catholic

　　Humanism是文艺复兴时代的灵魂思想

　　l 17世纪

　　Leibniz Distinguishes three levels of understandingcaculaus

　　Milton Areopagitica，

　　English revolution

　　Bacon Knowledge is power England

　　Descartes I think therefore I am France

　　Corneille FrenchNeoclassicismdramatists

　　Racine

　　Moliere

　　Locke

　　很多科学器械在被发明：microscope， telescope， thermometer， barometer， pendulum

　　Bacon认为哲学应该与神学分开

　　Leibniz区别了人的三种理解程度，自我意识，意识，潜意识（无意识）

　　Bacon反对deductive method，创立了inductive method

　　Hobbes认为最好的统治方式是monarchy

　　1689，the Bill of Rights建立了the Parliament至高无上的权利

　　英国大革命中，Cromwell带领行动 Milton提供思想

　　法国最著名的建筑：Palace of Versailles Garden Front

　　East Front of the Louvre

　　英国最著名建筑：St. Paul‘s Cathedral

　　17th：physics， mathematics

　　18th：chemistry

　　19th：biology

　　20th：psychology

　　French classicism

　　Baroque art

　　Newton

　　Galileo

　　l 启蒙运动

　　Diderot   France

　　Montesquieu Separation of powers

　　Voltaire

　　Hobbes Social contract

　　Locke Social contract

　　Rousseau

　　Swift

　　Defoe

　　Henry Fielding

　　Samuel Richardson The founder of English domestic noval

　　Lessing  German dramastistGerman classicim

　　Goethe

　　schiller

　　Kant Waterhead of modern philosophyPropose the nebular hypothesis

　　Pope poet Dr.Johnson  lexicographer

　　J.S.Bach ChristianityMajor musicians of the musical Englithenment

　　Handel

　　Haydn Classical period Viennese school

　　Mozart

　　Beethoven Romantic Movement

　　18世纪两大著名运动：The American War of Independence（1776）

　　The Declaration of Independence

　　The French Revolution（1789）

　　Declaration of the Rights of Man

　　Rococo艺术的典型建筑代表：Hotel de Soubise

　　Addison， Steele在期刊The Tatler ， The Spectator上发表论文

　　The Enlightenment

　　Rococo art

　　l 现实主义

　　France

　　Balzzac

　　Stendhal  a novel is a mirror walking along the road

　　Flaubert first French realist Objectivity， detachment

　　Zora  Naturalism， scientific heredity

　　Maupssant

　　Chickikov A character in  Shame， and hypocrisy

　　Peter the Great Russian reforms. End the middle age

　　Dostoyevsky

　　Ibsen  For women hypocrisy and seemy politics

　　Strindberg Autobiograpgical Existence and self-realization

　　English

　　George Eliot  Scientific， reason，objectivity

　　Charles Dickens

　　Thackeray  Becky Sharp

　　Thomas Hardy Wessex  uperior， pitiless， indifference

　　Berbard Shaw Fabian society major Barbara> Nobel Prize in 1925

　　Russia

　　Gogol

　　Turgenev First gain recognition in the west

　　Dostoevsky

　　Tolstoy

　　Other countries

　　Walt Whitman

　　Henry James The master beyond all masters， psychological subtle